Has your dog been diagnosed with hyperkeratosis, or are you noticing rough, crusty buildup on their nose or paw pads? Hyperkeratosis in dogs is a common skin condition where excess keratin develops, leading to thickened, dry, and sometimes painful areas—especially on the paws (paw pad hyperkeratosis) or nose (nasal hyperkeratosis). While it can be concerning for dog owners, the good news is that with early detection and the right care, hyperkeratosis can be effectively managed.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll cover what causes hyperkeratosis in dogs, how to identify early signs and symptoms, and the best treatment and prevention strategies available. Whether your dog is already diagnosed or you’re seeking answers about their changing skin, this article will help you make informed decisions to support your dog’s comfort and long-term paw and nose health.

Facts About Hyperkeratosis in Dogs

Hyperkeratosis is a skin condition in dogs characterized by the excessive production of keratin. What is Keratin? Keratin is a structural protein that makes up your pet’s hair, skin, nails, claws and outer skin layer that’s insoluble in water and organic solvents. Excess Keratin results in thickened, dry, and cracked skin on the nose and paw pads.

While Hyperkeratosis can occur in any breed, some dogs are genetically predisposed. Brachycephalic breeds, such as English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and Boxers, are more prone to developing hyperkeratosis. Other commonly affected breeds include Labrador Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Irish Terriers, and Dogues de Bordeaux. Factors such as age and underlying health conditions can also contribute to this ailment.

What Causes Hyperkeratosis in Dogs?

Several factors can contribute to hyperkeratosis in dogs including genetics, age, and underlying health conditions. Some dog breeds are genetically predisposed to hyperkeratosis, with the condition often manifesting between four and nine months of age. Breeds such as Dogues de Bordeaux and Irish Terriers are known to develop “naso-plantar keratoderma,” while Labrador Retrievers are prone to “nasal parakeratosis.”

Various underlying health conditions can also trigger hyperkeratosis which we explore in more detail below.

Parasitic Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by the Leishmania parasite and transmitted by sandflies, can lead to hyperkeratosis in dogs. When an infected sandfly bites a dog, the parasite enters the body and affects various organs, including the skin. The dog’s immune system responds to the parasite, triggering inflammation and abnormal keratin production, resulting in the thickening and hardening of the skin.

Canine Distemper Virus

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious viral disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including hyperkeratosis. CDV attacks the dog’s respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems, as well as the skin. The virus can disrupt the normal function of keratinocytes, the cells responsible for producing keratin. This leads to excessive keratin production and the development of thick, hardened skin on the nose and paw pads.

Immune-Mediated Diseases

Pemphigus foliaceus and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are autoimmune disorders that can cause hyperkeratosis in dogs. In these conditions, the dog’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own skin cells, resulting in inflammation and abnormal keratin production. The exact triggers behind these autoimmune disorders are not fully understood.  But it’s thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis

Zinc is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy skin in dogs. Zinc-responsive dermatosis is a condition that occurs when a dog’s body is unable to absorb or utilize zinc properly. Zinc deficiency can disrupt the normal function of keratinocytes, causing them to produce excess keratin, resulting in hyperkeratosis. Two syndromes are associated with zinc-responsive dermatosis: Syndrome I, which affects Alaskan dog breeds with a genetic predisposition to zinc absorption issues. And Syndrome II, which occurs in rapidly growing large-breed dogs whose diet has excessive mineral supplementation. Excess minerals interfere with zinc absorption.

Symptoms of Hyperkeratosis in Dogs

One of the most noticeable symptoms of canine hyperkeratosis is the physical appearance of the nose and paw pads that may include thickened, dry, rough, and cracked skin. The skin may also develop a crusty or scaly texture, with fissures or erosions in severe cases.

Symptoms also include discoloration of the affected areas, hairlike projections, pain, and lameness. Diagnosis involves a comprehensive approach, including physical examination and diagnostic tests. Although incurable, hyperkeratosis can be managed through topical treatments, medications, and addressing underlying health issues.

Although hyperkeratosis can affect dogs of any age, it is more frequent in middle-aged and senior dogs. Unlike humans, dogs’ skin tends to thicken as they age, particularly at pressure points, leading to the formation of calluses. As the condition develops, it causes discomfort and possible skin infections if left untreated.

Discoloration or loss of pigmentation is another common symptom of hyperkeratosis in dogs. The affected areas, particularly the nose, may appear lighter in color or even pink compared to the surrounding skin. This change in pigmentation can be a gradual process and may not be immediately apparent in the early stages..

In some cases, dogs with hyperkeratosis may develop hairlike or feathered projections on their paw pads. These projections are caused by the excessive accumulation of keratin and can give the paw pads a rough, irregular appearance.

As hyperkeratosis progresses, dogs may experience pain and discomfort in the affected areas. The thickened, cracked skin can be sensitive to touch and may cause the dog to lick or chew at the affected areas excessively. This behavior can further exacerbate the condition and increase the risk of added bacterial or fungal infections.

In severe cases of hyperkeratosis, dogs may develop lameness or difficulty walking due to the pain and discomfort associated with the condition. The thickened, cracked paw pads can make it challenging for the dog to bear weight on the affected limbs.

Diagnosing Hyperkeratosis in Dogs

Diagnosing hyperkeratosis begins with a thorough physical examination by a veterinarian. During the examination, the vet will assess the affected areas, such as the nose and paw pads, looking for the characteristic signs of hyperkeratosis, including thickened, dry, and cracked skin.

Blood tests and urinalysis are common diagnostic tools used to evaluate the dog’s overall health and check for any systemic issues that may be related to hyperkeratosis. These tests can help identify underlying conditions such as parasitic infections, hormonal imbalances, or nutritional deficiencies that may require specific treatment. Zinc deficiency can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure serum zinc levels, while leishmaniasis may require specialized tests, such as PCR or serology, to detect the presence of the parasite.

Skin scrapings, impressions, or biopsies may also be performed to gather more information about the affected skin. These procedures involve collecting small samples of skin cells or tissue for microscopic examination, which can help identify any secondary bacterial or fungal infections that may be present. In some cases, the samples may be sent to a dermatopathologist for a more detailed analysis.

With a combination of physical examination and diagnostic tests, veterinarians can accurately diagnose hyperkeratosis in dogs. This comprehensive approach ensures that each dog receives the most appropriate care plan to manage their condition.

Treatment Options for Hyperkeratosis in Dogs

While there is no cure for hyperkeratosis in dogs, the condition can be effectively managed. The primary goals of treatment are to alleviate discomfort, prevent secondary infections, and improve the dog’s quality of life. The specific treatment plan will depend on the severity of the condition and the presence of any underlying health issues.

Topical treatments are the mainstay of hyperkeratosis management in dogs. Emollients and keratolytic agents are often used to soften and moisturize the affected areas, helping to reduce the thickness and roughness of the skin. These products may contain ingredients such as salicylic acid, urea, or propylene glycol to break down excess keratin and promote a healthier skin texture. Pad-Tough™ helps protect your dog’s paws with propylene glycol, creating a barrier against rough surfaces. Infused with comfrey extract and aloe vera, it also soothes sore paws and supports healthy, nourished paw pads.

In addition to topical medications, physical removal of excess keratin can be beneficial. This may involve trimming or filing down the thickened skin, particularly on the paw pads, to reduce discomfort and improve traction. Soaking the affected areas in warm water with Epsom salts can also help soften the skin and make it easier to remove excess keratin.

Secondary bacterial or fungal infections are common complications of hyperkeratosis in dogs. If present, these infections must be treated with appropriate antibiotics or antifungal medications, as prescribed by a veterinarian. Topical or oral medications may be necessary, depending on the severity and extent of the infection. Banixx Pet Care Spray can also be helpful in treating skin infections.

Veterinary Care

In cases where hyperkeratosis is caused by an underlying health condition, systemic treatments may be necessary to address the root cause of the problem. Regular check-ups with a veterinarian are essential for monitoring the progress of hyperkeratosis treatment and making any necessary adjustments to the management plan. During these visits, the vet will assess the condition of the affected areas, check for signs of secondary infections, and evaluate the dog’s overall health and response to treatment.

Preventing Hyperkeratosis in Dogs: A Proactive Approach

Preventing hyperkeratosis in dogs focuses on addressing potential risk factors and promoting overall skin health. While some cases of hyperkeratosis may be inevitable due to genetic predisposition, there are steps that dog owners and breeders can take to minimize this condition.

Regular grooming and paw care are crucial for maintaining the health of a dog’s skin and identifying any potential issues early on. This includes routine bathing with a mild, moisturizing shampoo such as Banixx Medicated Shampoo. Additionally, inspect and clean the paw pads regularly using Banixx Paw Wipes. Trimming excessive hair between the paw pads can also help prevent the accumulation of debris and moisture, which can contribute to hyperkeratosis.

Maintaining a balanced diet is another key factor in preventing hyperkeratosis in dogs. Ensuring that your dog receives adequate levels of essential nutrients, such as zinc, vitamin A, and essential fatty acids, can help support healthy skin and reduce the risk of nutritional deficiencies. If you suspect your dog’s diet is lacking essential vitamins, supplements such as Doc Roy’s Daily Care can help fill the gaps.

Protecting dogs from parasites and infectious diseases is vital for preventing hyperkeratosis and other skin conditions. Regular use of flea and tick preventatives and keeping your dog up to date on vaccinations will help. Such vaccinations can help safeguard against parasitic infections and infectious diseases that may trigger this disease. Revival’s Flea and Tick Finder and Vaccine Finder are free tools to help you find the best preventatives for your dog.

Supporting Your Dog’s Skin Health: Final Thoughts on Managing Canine Hyperkeratosis

Early detection of hyperkeratosis in dogs is essential to prevent the condition from worsening and causing discomfort, infection, or mobility issues. Routine veterinary visits and careful observation of your dog’s nose and paw pads can help you catch symptoms like thickened, cracked, or discolored skin before they progress.

Managing hyperkeratosis in dogs requires a proactive, well-rounded approach. With consistent care, attention to changes in your dog’s skin, and guidance from your veterinarian, you can effectively control the condition and help keep your dog comfortable. From paw balms such as Pad-Tough™ to specialized treatments, there are many ways to support healing and improve your dog’s quality of life.

Ultimately, prevention and early intervention are your best defenses. By staying informed and committed to your dog’s skin and paw pad health, you can minimize the risk of hyperkeratosis and ensure your dog remains happy, active, and pain-free.